Keeping The Lights On

In the last few months, the world has seen significant changes: new heads of state in several countries; Britain’s exit from Europe; shocking terrorist attacks and cyber crime of international proportions. All these things have an impact on the utilities markets and demonstrate how integral these are to the health of our nations.

Due to strict regulation in many countries, utilities have been required to invest heavily in their operations at a time when electricity sales are generally flat or in decline. That’s not to suggest that these utilities aren’t profitable, but it does add an additional layer of complexity to their businesses.

In North America for instance, Obama’s Clean Power Plan saw considerable amounts of money spent on renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. There was also additional pressure placed on utilities to meet a new set of governmental standards, but with President Trump’s recent decision to remove the US from the Paris climate agreement, the impact of this decision is not yet clear.

Add these challenges to more fundamental initiatives to upgrade and better balance the grid, utility businesses of 2017 have significant challenges to meet. What’s more, the introduction of smart meters and a new consumer awareness to energy consumption has led many leading utility companies to investigate new innovative technologies to support their businesses.

One of the most critical challenges is to improve grid reliability. That said, the grid can go down for many reasons and not all of them are avoidable.

In the 2017 Infrastructure Report Card, the American Society of Civil Engineers assigned a “D+” to the US energy infrastructure. It stated that the delivery of electricity in the US relies on an aging and complex patchwork of systems with various ownership and stakeholders. And with the power grid at full capacity, maintenance is paramount.

In 2015, Americans experienced a reported 3,571 of total outages, with an average duration of 49 minutes. Momentary blackouts cost the US economy $60 billion, while sustained blackouts cost $50 billion, with some lasting as long as eight hours or more.

Whilst electricity blackouts are likely to stay with us for some time yet, many utilities are now turning to alternative technologies, such as fuel cells, to provide immediate, reliable and long-term back-up power to mitigate the challenges of power outages.

With fuel cell solutions installed at end-customer sites, utilities can provide clean back-up power, with the added ability to push electricity back to the grid enabling improved load balancing and higher quality of service (QoS).

Fuel cells are ideally suited to back-up applications. Supporting the modern ‘Energy Cloud’, they are also an important contributor for local peak demand response or ‘Peak Shaving’.

Utilities are also installing fuel cells to back-up other critical systems such as internal communications, command-and-control rooms and substations. These fuel cells are uniquely designed for installation at utility substations, operating as a direct source of backup power or to recharge back-up battery rooms and keep them at full power.

Fuel cells achieve this by enabling substations to keep their breakers and controls in an operational mode, so that utilities can quickly restart power and minimise distribution time to end-users once the grid recovers.

First invented in 1839 by William Grove, a fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device that produces electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen into water. Like batteries, fuel cells convert potential chemical energy into electrical energy and generate heat as a by-product.

Batteries on the other hand, store chemical energy within them rather than being self-generated, which means that they can only operate for a limited duration until discarded or recharged. If supplied with an unlimited amount of fuel, fuel cells can continuously generate electricity (hydrogen) and oxygen.

There are five primary types of fuel cells:

• Alkaline Fuel Cells (low temperature)
• Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (low temperature)
• Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (medium temperature)
• Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (high temperature)
• Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (high temperature)

Each type of fuel cell has its own inherent strengths and weaknesses that make them more suitable for specific markets and applications.

Alkaline fuel cell technology (AFC) from fuel cell manufacturer GenCell was originally developed for space applications where reliability and durability are essential requirements, but to achieve those key attributes, space applications featured Platinum and Palladium electrodes and other costly components. As a result, alkaline fuel cells were unaffordable for earth-bound power generation markets.

GenCell has made several important breakthroughs. Having completely remodelled the traditional AFC system, redesigning many components using less costly materials, it is able to eradicate platinum as an electro catalyst. While maintaining the life and efficiency of the AFC, removing the need for platinum has allowed us to break the cost barrier that has previously prohibited the widespread adoption of this technology.

In addition, its unique CO2 scrubbers enable fuel cells to use the O2 found in ambient air. For utility companies, these innovations enable our GenCell G5rx to provide them with all the sought-after benefits of fuel cells, but at a price point that is competitive with UPS batteries and diesel generators.

Fuel cells are important because as a completely clean power generation process, they are very attractive to utilities not only from a financial perspective in reducing downtime, but also in supporting their drive to become more sustainable.

They produce zero-emissions, are silent and vibration free. They are also suited to both extreme environments and urban settings, so they are highly flexible. What’s more, they are extremely reliable, require very low maintenance and can be operated remotely.

San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E), part of Sempra, a leading North American energy company has been exploring this technology to see how it can contribute to its efforts to be the cleanest, safest, most reliable energy company in America.

Another notable and recent adopter of fuel cell technology includes Israel’s national utility provider, IEC (Israel Electric Company). IEC provides roughly 85 per cent of Israel’s electricity.

Companies of all types and sizes are already incorporating hydrogen and fuel cells into their businesses. Leading companies such as Apple, Verizon and Coca-Cola are using stationary fuel cells to generate power. Toyota, Honda and Hyundai are coming to market with hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles for consumers and trucking.

Metropolitan areas and airports are beginning to migrate to emission-free hydrogen fuelled buses too. In the USA, the UK and Europe, hydrogen-refilling stations are being built, overcoming the challenges of hydrogen distribution for consumers. Indeed, the US Department of Energy notes that hydrogen and fuel cells are on the verge of a tipping point.

As we transition into a greener economy increasingly fuelled by hydrogen, fuel cell solutions for backup and power-on-demand are overcoming the significant weaknesses of other clean technologies such as solar and wind. And thanks to cutting edge introductions that have solved previous fuel cell affordability, this technology is now also complementing or even replacing, legacy back-up solutions such as batteries and diesel generators, in use at utilities throughout the world.